MICROWAVE BIOEFFECT CONGRUENCE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

John J. McMurtrey M. S.,[a] Copyright 2002, 10 Apr. 2005

Co-authorship is negotiable towards professional publication in an NLM indexed journal, Email- Johnmcmurt@aol.com

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ABSTRACT

The substantiation for microwave voice transmission development, which can be isolated to an individual, prompts review of the correlation between microwave bioeffects and schizophrenia. These correlations are extensive. Studies of both conditions report short-term and spatial memory deficit, time estimation changes, deficits in sequencing, coordination deficit, numerous electrophysiologic changes, startle decrease, neurotransmitter changes, hormone alterations, immune alterations, mitochondria deficits, lipid phosphorylation decrease, lipid peroxidation, deleterious histologic change in disease reduced brain areas, activation of hallucination involved brain areas, and ocular disease. Schizophrenia findings correlate with microwave bioeffects so extensively as to indicate a congruence, and appear to implicate a microwave involvement with enough patients to be remarkable in study results. The development of methods to exclude microwave means in psychosis is imperative, and research is proposed.

INTRODUCTION

Remote microwave induced sound [1] [2] [3] and internal voice technology has long been discovered, [4] developed, [5] ^[6] detailed in patents, [7] ^{[8] [9] [10]} with weapons applications described. [11] ^{[12] [13]} [14] That such technology can be applied remotely and coupled to target tracking technology [15] has implications for patients who, by virtue of voice transmission complaint and other symptoms, are diagnosed with various mental disorders. [16] Auditory hallucination is most prevalent in schizophrenia, which features in 60% of cases. [17] [18] A frequent patient understanding of the origin of voices is by remote transmission, though the very concept is considered delusional, [19] and often the diagnosis is psychosis of varying severity depending on functional ability, [20] without any investigation of described internal voice capabilities.

The substantiation of microwave voice transmission development suggests examination of any microwave bioeffect correlation with schizophrenia findings. The hypothesis tested was that perhaps some discrepant schizophrenia study results could differentiate patients subjected to technological assault. Unfortunately, little differentiation was evident, because the correlations appear too extensive, as presented in overview Table I. Unless otherwise noted, the microwave exposure effects examined are at low intensity, and are expressed in text parenthesis in terms of existing exposure standards. [21] [b] Since most of the observed correlations are close to microwave exposure standards, the possibility of an environmental microwave association with schizophrenia is considered.

Cognitive Function

Schizophrenics are particularly impaired in memory. [22]^{, [23]} Pulsed radar exposed Latvian children are deficient in short term memory compared to unexposed children. [24] Rats exposed to microwaves during gestation exhibit conditioned avoidance acquisition deficit as adults (at 1.61 X US occup. std.). [25] Adult rat microwave exposure yields avoidance conditioning deficits (at 31% of US occup. std. & 1.75 X ICNIRP [c] pop. std.),[26] [27] and there is some mention of ‘retrograde amnesia’ with such conditioning (at 63% of US pop. std.). [28] [29] Schizophrenic ‘working memory’ is considered central to many schizophrenic symptoms. [30] Schizophrenia deficits are in multiple areas of working memory, and the disorder exhibits deficits specifically in spatial working memory. [31] [32] [33] [34] Rat spatial ‘working memory’ on microwave exposure is deficient for performance in a water maze, (1.2 X US pop. std.) [35] [36] and in the 12 arm radial maze (60% of US pop. std.), [37] ^[38] but apparently not when distal cues are present for radial mazes, [39] [40] which are preferred in rodents. [41] [42]

Schizophrenia time estimation is altered with overestimation of short time intervals. [43] [44] [45] [46] Microwave exposed rats, when trained on inter-response time reinforcements reflect the same direction of deficit by increased total lever presses (at 31% of US occup. std. & 1.75 X ICNIRP pop. std.), ^{25 26} shorter inter-response times (62% of US occup. std.), [47] which are even greater for pulsed microwaves (1.1 X US occup. std.). [48] A rat time estimation task on microwave pulsation indicated change in discriminating stimulus duration, increased time to complete tasks, and increased the amount of non-response (at 90% of ICNIRP pop. std.). [49] The authors suggest an effect on the animal’s internal clock.

Schizophrenia patients exhibit deficits in memory for temporal order. [50] [51] [52] [53] Microwave exposed rats with simple response sequence conditioning (½ to 1.6 X US occup. std.) [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] exhibit analogous sequencing deficits. In humans, the order threshold of discriminating the ear of first tone presentation as succeeded by a tone separated by decreasing intervals to the other ear, increases after 50 minutes cell phone exposure, while the threshold decreases with no exposure rest. [59]

The hippocampus has general importance to memory, [60] while sub serving spatial, temporal, and sequence memory. [61] In rodents the hippocampus is one of the most responsive brain regions to microwave exposure (at US pop. std. to ½ US occup. std.), [62] [63] and microwave induced histologic damage is observed (at ¼ ICNIRP pop. std. to 1.8 X US occup. std.). [64] [65] [66] Some schizophrenics have anti-hippocampal antibodies, [67] and

Table I

SCHIZOPHRENIA SIGN/SYMPTOM CORRELATION WITH MICROWAVE BIOEFFECTS

Cognitive/Physiologic Parameter		Schizophrenia Sign/Symptom	Microwave Bioeffect
Cognitive Function
Memory Deficit		Deficits in Memory and Working Memory	Child Short Term Memory Deficit, Rat Conditioned Avoidance and Spatial Memory Deficits
Time Estimation		Overestimation of Short Intervals	Rat Shortened Inter-Response Times and Increased Responses in Time Estimation Tasks
Temporal Order		Temporal Order Memory Deficits	Human Decrease in Temporal Order Discrimination, Rat Response Sequencing Deficits
Startle Response		Decreased in Some Patients	Decreased in Animals
Coordination/Balance		Decreased Coordination and Balance	Decreased Child Coordination, Rat Decrease in Coordination and/or Balance
Electrophysiology
Contingent Negative Variation	Decreased in Patients			Decreased on Human Cell Phone Exposure
Event Related Auditory Response	Decreased in Patients			Decreased in Animals, Component Decrease in Human Cell Phone Exposure
EEG Delta Waves	Increased in Patients			Increased in Humans and Animals
EEG Beta Waves	Increased in Patients			Increased in Humans and Rats

TABLE I, continued

SCHIZOPHRENIA SIGN/SYMPTOM CORRELATION WITH MICROWAVE BIOEFFECTS

Physiologic Parameter	Schizophrenia Sign/Symptom	Microwave Bioeffect
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine	Indicated Decreased in Negative Symptom Schizophrenia	Indicated Decreased Based on Extensive Evidence
Serotonin	Indicated Decreased in Patients Based on Numerous Studies	Found Decreased in Rats
γ-Aminobutyric Acid	Decreased Uptake & Release in Schizophrenia Synaptosomes	Decreased Receptor Specific Binding
Acetylcholine	α 7-nicotinic Receptor Decrease in Some Brain Areas Consistent with Acetylcholine Decrease	Decreased Rat Acetylcholine Release, and Precursor Uptake in Same Brain Areas
Hormones
Corticosteroids	ACTH, Cortisol, and Corticosterone Reported Increased	Adrenal Depletion with ACTH, Cortisol, and Corticosterone Increase Reported
Melatonin	Decrease Reported in Some Patients	Decreased on Human Cell Phone and EMF Exposure
Mitochondria	Decreased Number in Schizophrenia Brain	Deleterious Changes with Decreased ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and Marker Enzymes
Immunology
Autoimmunity	Suggested from Autoantibody Levels and Autoimmune Disease Incidence	Reported Induced and Stimulated
Tumor Necrosis Factor	Reported Increased	Numerous Reports of Increase in Animals
B Lymphocytes	Balance of Evidence Shows Increase in Some Patients	Increased in Mouse Spleen with Genetic Control

Table I, continued.

SCHIZOPHRENIA SIGN/SYMPTOM CORRELATION WITH MICROWAVE BIOEFFECTS

Physiologic Parameter	Schizophrenia Sign/Symptom	Microwave Bioeffect
Lipids
Phosphorylation	Decreased on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	Decreased P^32 Lipid Incorporation
Peroxidation	Increase in Patients	Increased in vitro and in Rats
Blood-Brain Barrier	Suggested Impaired in Patients	Reported Decreased in Numerous Studies
Anatomy & Histology
Hippocampus	Hippocampal-amagdala Complex Volume Reduced in Most Studies	Degenerative Hippocampus Histology Reported
Thalamus	Volume Reduction Observed in Many Studies	Degenerative Histology Reported
Cerebellum	Changes Observed in Many Studies	Degenerative Histology Reported
Cortex	Volume Reductions Observed in Frontal and Parietal Cortex by Many Studies	Several Reports of Degenerative Unspecified Cortex Histology
Metabolic Activation	Hallucination Activates Temporal Lobe, and Thalamus with Collicular Activation Found in Some Studies	Animal Activation of Temporal Lobe, Thalamus, and Inferior Colliculus on Hearing Effect Pulsed Microwaves
Ocular Disease
Cataract	Subcapsular Cataract Reported Without Association to Medication	Known Cause of Subcapsular Cataract
Retinopathy	Associated with Widely Prescribed Anti-Psychotics	Associated with Occupational Exposure and Experimentally Produced
Voice Transmission	Hallucination Most Common Symptom	Voice Transmission Affirmed

the same hippocampus CA1 region that is volume decreased in schizophrenia, [68] on microwave exposure shows altered neuronal activity in vitro slices from rats, [69] as well as decreased acetylcholine release in vivo rats (1/2 US occup. std.). [70] Mouse hippocampus mitochondrial activity is indicated decreased on microwave exposure (1/4 US pop. std.).[71] Although not actually affecting performance, cell phones are reported to affect a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) component of verbal memory encoding, suggesting interference. [72] Multiple human case reports of memory difficulty, with other neurasthenic complaints exist on excess microwave exposure. [73] [74] [75] Microwave exposed rats with avoidance conditioning, exhibit changes in emotion and integrative function [76] from which parallels to schizophrenia can be drawn. Accidental and/or occupational 1-10 GHz excess radar exposure exhibits frontal lobe neuropsychiatric symptoms. [77]

Startle Response

Some schizophrenics have little or no startle response. [78] Microwave exposed rats exhibit decreased startle under both continuous wave [79] and pulsed [80] ^[81] conditions (1.2 X US occup. std.) with the latter decreasing startle in mice. [82] Pre-natal rat exposure decreases startle in females (1.2 X US occup. std.). [83] Some schizophrenics are hypo- or non-responders to orienting responses [84] and normally evoked electrodermal activity. [85] Microwave occupational exposure inhibits galvanic skin response. [86] Rats also fight less on microwave exposure (6% & 23% of US pop. std.), [87] [88] will avoid hearing effect pulsed microwaves, [89] and mice decrease exposure by their orientation in a field. [90]

Coordination, Balance, and Exercise Tolerance

Schizophrenics have decreased ability in coordination tasks, and more instability in balance. [91] [92] [93] [94] Latvian children exposed to pulsed radar have less motor competence than unexposed children. ²⁴ Microwave exposed rats show degradation of motor coordination and/or balance (at 21% of US pop. std.). [95]

High peak power pulsed microwave 25 minute exposures decreased rat treadmill running by about one-third. [96] A German abstract states schizophrenics could only achieve one-third of the aerobic-anaerobic threshold for untrained controls. [97] Schizophrenics have shown abnormal thermoregulation on exercise with greater increases in core temperature. [98] [99]

Electrophysiology

An electrophysiologic indicator of ‘working memory’, contingent negative variation (CNV) [100] is decreased in schizophrenia, [101] ^{[102] [103]} which is reported to correlate to ratings for negative symptoms of affective flattening and avolition-apathy. [104] Cell phone radiation also decreases human CNV. [105] [106] The test involves a warning stimulus and an imperative stimulus with the intervening evoked waveform representative of sensory and motor adjustment prior to expected action.

Electrophysiologic auditory event related P300 and antecedents are reduced in some schizophrenics, [107] ^[108] with increased latency indicated. [109] [110] Decreased auditory event response is observed during hallucination in magnetoencephalographic (MEG) [111] and functional magnetic resonance imaging [112] studies, which resembles the interfering sound response. [113] Like hallucination or outside sound, microwave hearing exposure decreases cortical auditory evoked potential amplitudes with increased latency in rats, rabbits, (less than US occup. std.) [114] and cats. [115] Schizophrenia auditory P300 reduction is related to deleterious signs and poor prognosis. [116] The human N100 amplitude is decreased on GSM cell phone exposure, [117] [118] which is also decreased in schizophrenia [119] [120] [121] with the reduction correlating to withdrawal-retardation scores, [122] and paranoid diagnosis. [123]

Hearing effect pulsed microwaves evoke brain responses similar to auditory stimuli. [124] ^{[125] [126]} Radio frequency exposure increases human hearing threshold for auditory tones. [127] Sound also decreases the brain stem microwave hearing response. [128]

Auditory brain stem responses (ABR) in schizophrenics having hallucination, [129] [130] [131] never medicated hospitalization, [132] marked personality deterioration, [133] and negative symptoms [134] involve abnormalities of increased peak latency and missing peaks. Since microwave hearing produces an ABR, [135] [136] interference is expected, which would complicate ABR topographic appearance. Increased ABR latency is reported from a cell phone study, [137] though this is not replicated by all cell phone studies. [138] [139]

Soviet and American microwave exposure of humans report EEG increases in delta or “slow” waves, abnormal to adult alertness in quantity. Acute human exposure to continuous or pulsed microwaves, exhibit increased electroencephalogram (EEG) delta waves (less than US pop. std.). [140] Soviet and East European microwave occupational exposure review observes increased EEG delta waves. [141] Cell phones also increase human delta waves in adults [142] and children. [143]

Rabbit and rat microwave irradiation yield delta waves as well. Daily 3 hour rabbit exposures produces delta wave increases at 1 month to pulsed microwaves and at 2 months to continuous wave exposure (1/2 US occup. std.). [144] Daily 7 hours of microwave exposure produced delta waves after 10-15 days in rabbits at 1/3^rd the US population exposure standard, but took 1 month for delta wave increase at 1/30^th this standard. [145] Rat microwave irradiation induces delta waves in the left hemisphere by continuous wave, but in the right hemisphere when modulated. [146] Delta waves are also produced by extra low frequency radiation in rabbits [147] or magnetic fields in humans. [148]

Microwave delta wave increases correspond to delta wave increases widely noted in untreated, [149] ^{[150] [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160]} [161] and medicated [162] [163] ^{[164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169]} schizophrenia EEGs. [170] Delta waves particularly correspond to psychotic episodes, [171] ^[172] and occur immediately prior to auditory hallucination. [173] Higher delta power correlates with negative schizophrenia symptoms, [174] [175] and ‘psychomotor poverty’, [176] [177] while higher left temporal delta wave dipole density correlates to ratings for hallucination and paranoia. [178]

Intermittent long-term occupational exposure to microwaves increases EEG beta frequencies. [179] A therapeutic microwave instrument immediately increased beta wave power in humans, and cell phones increase these frequencies after a 15 minute delay. ¹⁴² Cell phones also increase human beta waves during tasks. [180] Microwave exposure increases beta frequencies in the rat (at ½ pop. std. to 1.2 X occup. std.). [181] [182] [183]

Though some anti-psychotic drugs decrease beta frequencies, schizophrenia EEG studies exhibit increased beta frequencies. ^{150 151 152 154 155 156 160 161 162 167 175} [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] MEG frequencies in the beta band are observed on auditory hallucination. [191] Treatment-resistant patients have greater increases in beta frequencies above 18 Hz, [192] [193] with dipole location sources of beta frequencies varying on auditory stimulation according to symptom severity. [194] Greater increase in beta frequencies is associated with decreased mismatch negativity amplitudes, [195] and ‘psychomotor poverty’. ^{174 176 177} The sources of increased schizophrenia beta frequencies are also more anterior and superficial than controls. [196] [197] Superficial tissue absorbs more microwave energy than deep tissues. [198]

Electromagnetic field EEG entrainment occurs especially within physiologic brain frequencies (1-40 Hz.), either with a so modulated carrier wave or at these extra low frequencies. Microwave EEG entrainment (or change to exposure frequency) is demonstrated in cats, [199] and rats. [200] Lower frequency radiation or magnetic EEG entrainment is observed in rabbits, [201] monkeys, [202] and humans. [203] In addition to the capacity of entrainment to produce delta or beta waves, the effect forms a basis for schizophrenic thought interference complaints, and is of non-lethal weapon concern. [204]

Neurotransmitters

Both schizophrenia and microwave exposure involve brain dopamine alterations. Many have long attributed positive schizophrenic symptoms to dopamine increases based on differential drug effects. [205] However, findings in schizophrenics with negative symptoms for dopamine metabolites, dopamine receptors, and drug studies indicate decreased dopamine. [206] Based on behavioral changes, drug study results, and enzyme alterations, microwave exposure also indicates decreased dopamine. [207] [208] [209]

Other neurotransmitter alterations correspond in both microwave bioeffects and schizophrenia. Brain postmortem tissue analysis, cerebrospinal fluid, and drug studies find decreased schizophrenia serotonin. [210] Although rat serotonin metabolite ratios indicate increased serotonin turnover rates on acute microwave exposure (3.1 X US pop. std.), [211] brain serotonin decrease occurs on prolonged exposure (near US occup. std.). ¹²⁶ Rat microwave exposure from birth to 15 days decreased serotonin in adults (near ½ US occup. std.). [212]

Cortical synaptosome γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake and release is reported decreased in schizophrenics, who have decreased GABA neurons, [213] and synthetic enzymes. [214] GABA receptor binding (by ³H-muscimol) decreases in rat neocortex on microwave irradiation (2.6 X US occup. std.). [215] Immunohistochemistry also indicates decreases in rat cellular GABA content in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (10 X ICNIRP occup. std.). [216]

There is evidence for a cholinergic decrease in Lewy Body Syndrome, which is a psychosis that can have schizophrenia diagnosis, [217] and there is consistent evidence for a decrease in the α 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in schizophrenia hippocampal and frontal areas, [218] which indicates decreased acetylcholine levels. [219] Acetylcholine release is found decreased